Winterising a sailboat: a guide to avoiding off-season pitfalls

As your first sailing season with a new boat is hopefully a nice blend of fun, adventure and thrills, as a thorough seaman and fresh boat owner, the first winter season is approaching inexorably. Even when you are still enjoying sailing your brand new boat, it´s never too early to plan ahead for the off season.

A real test of a sailor's dedication lies in the meticulous care taken during these cold months when the boat is at rest. Winterisation is this silent guardian, ensuring the vessel is resilient against the relentless grasp of cold, moisture, and time. 

Why must I winterise my sailboat? 

Depending on the sailing area where your boat will be located during winter, temperatures, precipitation and other external factors may make winterisation a necessity. As a rule of thumb, the more north your yacht is located, the more adverse the weather during winter – the more advisable proper winterisation is.

That´s because every component of a sailboat – from its rigging and sails to the hull and everything that is installed within it – can suffer greatly under winter's hand. Without careful winterisation: 

1. Rigging and sails risk degradation, especially corrosion and mechanical stress due to storms, leaving them frail against the next season's winds. 

2. Engine and fuel systems can corrode as well, leading to costly repairs or even complete breakdowns. In temperatures under zero, liquids can freeze, expand and cause substantial damage to the machinery.

3. The hull and exterior may develop cracks or blisters, compromising the boat's structural integrity. 

4. Storage decisions taken hastily can result in undue wear or even damage from severe weather. The search for a secure winter location and the service provider should therefore not just be dictated by bargain efforts.

5. Neglecting the interior, bilge, freshwater systems, and plumbing can lead to mould proliferation and also freezing vulnerabilities, jeopardising onboard air quality and risking burst pipes. 

6. Coverings that are not up to par can expose the boat to ice, UV damage, and pooling water. 

7. Skipped off-season inspections leave potential issues unnoticed and unchecked. 

This guide illuminates the intricacies of each pitfall, offering practical solutions and tangible steps curated from the insights of seasoned enthusiasts. With knowledge as your compass and diligence as your sail, you'd be well-equipped for winterising a sailboat, ensuring its longevity and readiness for the season ahead. 

Winter is not an “off”-season for boaters  

Albeit you won´t be able to sell when your boat is in winter storage, the cold, dark months are in no way unproductive or “lost”. As a skilled sailor, you will acknowledge that the weeks on the dry are a perfect chance to schedule maintenance and service works or have certain upgrades installed. The least is a thorough check of all components according to your yacht´s recommended services, to be found in the manufacturer´s documents. Your local dealer may also provide assistance in determining which services are due according to your log. A thorough planning ahead and the booking of professional service providers can make for a decent plan of when which issues are addressed. Remember: a spotless service record is not only ensuring carefree sailing, but also keeping up your yacht´s resale value, minimising depreciation.

Also, often ideas arise during summer sailing season for upgrades: be it new amenities, the supplanting of a pumping lavatory with a modern electric WC or an up-to-date Lithium battery bank. In winter is the perfect time to have these projects turned into reality, plus: as the boat is on the dry anyway, having craftsmen aboard doesn´t take away precious summer sailing days from you.

• Regard the winter season as your chance, to actively maintain and upgrade your yacht, not as some “dead” off-season. These are valuable months worth utilizing.

Dry dock vs floating dock – which one is better? 

Every sailor faces the pivotal choice of how to store the boat. In essence, there are two choices only: land storage or in-water mooring. Both choices have unique advantages, and understanding them helps make an informed decision tailored to individual needs. 

Generally, the more south the location of a boat is, the less impact winter weather may have. Many boats remain in the water, whilst in the north dry storage is preferred custom. Let´s look at both options: 

Dry dock – is putting a boat on land during winter better?

Often referred to as "dry docking," land storage primarily occurs in specialised boatyards equipped with boat lifts, hoists, or cranes. Again, two choice can be made here: you can either have your boat put on special “parking lots” under the sky, either with mast taken down or standing, while you take care of the rest. Alternatively, boats can be stored in huge halls, some even heated, where a controlled atmosphere makes working on the boat even more comfortable. For this choice, usually, the rigging is to be taken down and stored.

Many sailors opt for this method due to the controlled environment it offers, shielded from the unpredictable conditions of open waters. It simply adds protection. Its popularity also stems from its suitability for longer-term storage, especially during off-season months. 

Pros & cons of dry docking your sailboat 

Floating dock: winterising a sailboat in-water 

In contrast, in-water storage is about keeping the boat moored at marinas, docks, or personal piers. Finding a berth in a well-serviced marina is a task many sailors prioritise, given the ease of spontaneous sails without the hassle of launching each time. This method can also offer the convenience of on-site facilities and services, from basic amenities to luxurious yacht club features. The allure of in-water storage also includes the vibrant community atmosphere many docks foster, providing a social aspect to the boating experience. This atmosphere may change in winter, but can also have an interesting charm.

Make sure that your boat is ready to remain in the water: a special all-year bottom paint may beapplied, special lightning protection or covers for your sails may be needed. Ask your local dealer for advice as he surely knows everything about your yacht as well as the regional weather patterns of the area.

Pros & cons of a floating dock and remaining in the water during winter

Putting your boat in winter storage: essential steps

Although winterisation is a professional service often offered by marinas in convenient all-inclusive packages, some of these tasks may be worked through by yourself. This not only will save some budget but is also great training to get and stay accustomed to your yacht´s inner workings, mechanics, and rigging. These 4 essential steps are always part of every winterisation process:

1. Taking down the sails, sometimes the complete rigging: Taking down the canvas can be done by the owner without any problems. Make sure you store the sails in their original sail-bags, take out the battens beforehand. When doing so, try to have it done with dry sails as moisture will cause mould and mildew. Taking down the mast however is recommended to be done with professional help if your yacht is larger than 30 feet. Operating a mast crane and taking down this heavyweight equipment should be trusted to specialists.

2. Winterising the engine: Filling up the engine´s cooling circuits with a special antifreeze mixture may be a fun DIY-job, but as propulsion systems become more and more complex, it is advised to leave this one to the professionals as well. Moreover, winterisation or de-winterisation of the engine is a great time for regular check-ups, replacement of worn out parts and service. Put special focus on your boat´s batteries: while some types require constant reloading, others should be disconnected or taken out of the boat and put in special “battery winter farms”.

3. Winterising fresh-water and waste-water circuits: Depending on the winter temperatures, if those below zero are expected, all water-related circuits and the connected tanks, the piping and the pumps must be completely emptied. Specialized servicemen employ equipment that can achieve this in a very short amount of time. Working on the waste water installations of any boat is also a task that is not very pretty for most sailors.

4. Making the hull winter ready: This is especially valid for yachts in open air-storage. You may want to protect deck and hull from snow, ice and moisture with dedicated tarpaulins or rugged boat covers. Likewise, if you plan to commence works on the hull, like refreshing the bottom paint, repairing hull damage, cracks or scratches and such, the boat´s cover should be (partially) removable.

 Let´s now take a thorough look onto these general points, offering some exclusive and more detailed facts:

Winterising your rigging and sails for the off-season  

Rigging and sails stand as the heart of any sailboat. Yet, during the winter months, these components face potential degradation, which might render them susceptible to the vigorous winds of the subsequent season. This is especially valid for more complex types of mast types, like in-mast furling or boom-furling systems. Also, masts made from carbon fibres are recommended to be taken down and thoroughly checked during the off-season.

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Winterising sails: trust your local sailmaker  

Sails require thorough care during the off-season. It´s a fact that many sailors have their canvas stored at home, mostly in unfavourable conditions. While it's essential to remove them, make sure to have them cleaned, checked, repaired, and stored in a dry environment at your local sailmaker. Many of the bigger lofts offer special storage facilities for your sails and a spring fitting service on board your boat: start the new season carefree. If you are just buying a new sailing yacht, ask your dealer for suggestions, as he is surely cross-linked to professional sailmakers you can trust.

The sailboat's standing and running rigging 

The standing rigging - comprising cables, turnbuckles, and attachments - demands keen observation. Statistics of boat insurance companies clearly show that after fire, material fatigue due to neglected service of these parts is among the top reasons for catastrophic losses of boat riggings.

Inspect each element for wear signs, potential corrosion, or damage. Moreover, adjusting the tension (even if just slightly) can prevent undue stress and prolong the rigging's lifespan. While many manufacturers have clear trim numbers incorporated in the manuals for their boats, you may want to ask a professional rigger (often a sailmaker too) to help to fine tune the tension of shrouds and stays.

For the running rigging, this means a thorough cleaning, closely inspecting lines, ropes, and associated hardware. As the linchpin for efficient sail operations, ensuring no frayed or deteriorated cables remain is paramount to a boat's smooth operation come spring. Most wear and tear is expected to be seen in halyards, but also reefing lines and sheets may deteriorate significantly over time. Make sure you opt for high-quality ropes, like those with dyneema for example. Don´t fall for cheap bargain ropes; always go for high-quality and trusted brands.

Winterising a sailboat’s engine and fuel systems 

We have already established that winterising your engine and the associated machinery is a job for the professionals. But what about your yacht´s fuel tank? Many sailors would say that sending your vessel to its winter slumber with a full belly is an effective strategy to stand tall against the risk of moisture-related issues. When fuel occupies most of the tank, there's less room for air and, by extension, moisture, which can lead to condensation. If present, the latter can cause water to accumulate, leading to potential corrosion or microbial growth that could contaminate the fuel. Moreover, a top-tier fuel stabiliser will help preserve the fuel's quality over the winter, ensuring it remains robust and ready for use come sailing season. However, you may want to check the winter storage contract and the house rules, as some providers may prohibit this practice due to fire hazards. Also, ask your boat insurer if special rules apply in this regard.

Turning to the engine: a fresh oil change, complemented by a new filter, wards off potential contaminants while extending its longevity and boosting performance. If your engine operates with water cooling, the infusion of antifreeze is non-negotiable. In colder regions, it prevents freezing damage, while in milder settings like the Mediterranean, it helps protect against corrosion.

Meanwhile, storing a fully charged battery on a wooden surface in a location like a garage or a climate-controlled storage unit, where the temperature stays consistent and is not subject to extremes, extends its lifespan, thus cutting down on frequent replacements and associated sailboat costs. All of these jobs will be done with professional care.

How to treat your sailboat's hull and deck during the off-season

There are few measures to counteract the wear and tear inflicted while cruising a sailboat out at sea. However, come winterisation, we're handed the reins of control. With the proper care, the boat's exterior can gleam anew, free from cracks and blemishes. Here is a quick step-by-step guide for hull and exterior care:

Step 1: hull inspection

• Boat winterisation of the hull often begins with a thorough examination for any visible cracks, blisters, or abrasions. Have a special look at the surfaces most exposed to possible collisions with flotsam, such as the stem, the rudder blade(s) and keel front. The bow area of the boat is also prone to potential damage.

• Furthermore inspect thoroughly the boat´s sides for blunt damage resulting from bumping when docking.

• Check the gelcoat around the anchor winch and mooring clamps for cracks.

• Use a soft cloth to probe for imperfections; sometimes, the damage is easier to feel than see. 

• Whilst not a big problem anymore on modern hulls made with modern resins, older boats with simple polyester hulls may develop blisters, indicating osmosis.

Step 2: washing and cleaning

• Use a marine-specific soap or cleaning agent to protect the boat's finish. Refrain from aggressive chemicals.

• Ensure you rinse with fresh water to remove any salt residue, which can cause corrosion. 

Step 3: blemish treatment

• For minor blemishes or scratches, use a marine-grade rubbing compound, followed by a protective wax. 

• Deeper cracks might require professional assessment. It's essential to understand how sailboats are built to determine the significance of such damage. Some cracks might be superficial, while others can compromise structural integrity.

• Delegate those jobs to professionals. If gelcoat is needed, ask your dealer for providing the shipyard´s original gelcoat so that the repaired spot matches exactly the colour of the yacht´s hull.

Step 4: topside and deck

• Clean the deck using a stiff brush, removing algae or slip hazards.

• If your yacht sports a Teak deck or other natural decking materials, refrain from utilizing chemicals, oils and other “magic liquids”. There are special cleansing agents available for wooden deck surfaces on natural basis. Also, do not use a high-pressure cleaner nor heavy scrubbing sponges.

• Inspect all deck hardware like winches, cleats, jammers, or mooring clamps, looking out for signs of wear or corrosion. Also, check their undersides for tight fitting screws and washers and possible micro-leaks through boreholes.

Step 5: waterline check 

• Examine the waterline for any staining or growth and clean as needed. Also, check for damage or cracks. You may want to renew a decorative waterline stripe or other markings. ask your dealer or original stickers.

• A clean waterline aids in the boat's performance and appearance. 

Step 6: wax and polish

• Apply high-quality marine wax. This not only adds shine but offers protection against UV rays and salt. 

• Consider using an electric buffer for an even and glossy finish. If you are doing this for the first time, ask a fellow sailor or professional how to employ these tools as incorrect handling may cause damage. 

Step 7: seacocks and thru-hulls

• Close all seacocks when the boat is out of water. Check for marine growth blocking the valves and possible corrosion. 

• Apply grease to prevent them from seizing and inspect for any leaks or malfunctions. 

Step 8: antifouling

• If the boat remains moored during winter, check the antifouling paint's condition. This protects the hull from marine growth. 

• Consider reapplying if the current coat appears thin or worn out. In this regard, check the current legal status of different types of antifouling. If you yacht is bought second-hand it is possible that the applied agent is prohibited by now. Only utilize legally approved bottom paints. If done DIY, make sure to adhere to working safety standards like breathing masks, as the odors emitted are potentially hazardous.

Step 9: hull support

• If the boat is out of the water, confirm it's well-supported using boat stands or a cradle. Refrain from makeshift wooden stands and opt for a winter storage provider who offers customisable steel cradles, as these are not only stable but won´t cause any storage damage. In any case, periodically inspect supports for stability. 

Boat winterisation techniques for interior and water systems 

The chill of winter brings with it sneaky adversaries. The interior and bilge, if left unchecked, can become fertile arenas for mould, diminishing the boat's air quality and overall aesthetic. An exhaustive sweep while winterising the sailboat, ensuring every nook and corner remains dry, becomes your first line of defence against this lurking menace. Don't let your bilge be an afterthought: its cleanliness and a vigilant bilge pump are paramount, especially if the boat stays water-bound. 

Make sure that there is a constant air flow, don´t cordon off your yacht from the outside atmosphere. However, dehumidifiers should be a matter of course for any yacht. As a rule of thumb, one of such gadgets should be placed per cabin, if your boat´s saloon is very voluminous, two or three will do the job. It is not recommended – and in most storage facilities forbidden anyway – to have heaters running during off season. These can cause fires, potentially engulfing the whole storage area. Dehumidifiers may be inspected periodically to dispose of the collected water. If winter season is very moist, the water collecting granulate may be replenished once or twice.

On the other side of this coin are the freshwater systems and plumbing. The silent threat here is freezing. As temperatures plummet, pipes become susceptible to bursting, resulting in costly repairs as these damages aren´t usually detectible on a first glance when the boat comes back into the water after winter.

To fortify against this, thoroughly drain these systems and introduce non-toxic antifreeze, ensuring it flows through every pump and faucet. And, as with any well-kept yacht, the head and holding tank require similar diligence: a full pump-out, followed by a freshwater cleanse and a touch of antifreeze, should do the trick. Especially working with the wastewater cycle, this is not a very pleasant job. Thus, entrusting to specialists may be very worth the price paid. In any case, check your water pump´s filters and clean or replace those if necessary. Also, tighten every single hose clip in the system (also valid for the fuel circuit, heating and A-cycle).

Tarps and boat covers: the right one matters when winterising a sailboat 

A sailboat deserves only the best armour against the unforgiving elements. During boat winterisation, the right cover can mean the difference between maintaining your vessel's pristine appearance and dealing with the aftermath of ice, UV rays, and unwelcome water pockets.

Many boat decks suffer heavy damage when rain water or snow collects in pockets which develop when covers aren´t custom made, fixed the right way or just not fitting. If these water pocket freeze to solid ice blocks, they can weigh up to several hundreds of kilograms. If tarps rip under this weight, these blocks can fall down, causing lots of damage.

Make sure you go for a custom made, heavy duty tarp that can fit tightly to your boat. Sailmakers are specialised in taking the measurements right on your yacht and producing high quality boat covers that last many seasons to come, protecting your precious yacht.

Popular materials include breathable acrylics that resist UV damage and rigid polyesters which offer durability. When choosing, opting for covers with adjustable straps, ensuring even tension, and using moisture-wicking poles can prevent wind damage or water pooling. 

Boat winterisation: a persistent pursuit 

As mentioned before, the off-season is not really “off”. As a thorough sailor and committed boat owner, you can use the weeks on the dry to upgrade and maintain your yacht: off-season inspections! These should be carried out by the various specialists for engine, machiner, electrics and electronics.

You as the skipper aren´t relieved from duty really: committing to a routine check on your stored boat every 3-4 weeks or after noteworthy weather disturbances keeps your sailboat in prime condition. Critical checkpoints include the absence of water pooling, a thorough review of the boat cover, detection of any unexpected wildlife guests, and affirmation that the bilge remains arid.

Those anchoring their boats in water have a unique checklist: regular line inspections for chafing, vigilance against potential ice damage to the hull, and a guarantee against unwanted water entry. Especially yachts remaining in the water should be under special scrutiny: while some marinas offer live stream video surveillance, it is advisable to make a deal with the harbour master or other staff permanently present at the facility to have an eye on your boat.

Should uncertainties arise, your local boat dealer remains an invaluable resource as well. Not only can they offer model-specific advice and best practices, but they also present an opportunity for any lingering questions to be addressed.

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